Thursday, February 20, 2014

Islam and politics: political attitudes of the elites in Muhammadiyah 1998-2010

IJIMS, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, Volume 3, Number 2, December 2013: 267-290

Ridho Al-Hamdi
Department of Governmental Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
E-mail: ridhoalhamdi@yahoo.com

AbstractThis study examines the roles of political elites in the Muhammadiyah in facing the dynamics Muslim politics in post New Order regime. There are three issues discussed: the emergence of Islamic political parties, the desire to implement the Jakarta charter as a state ideology, and the rise of terrorism. The result of the study demonstrated that there are four variants of the political attitudes of the elites in Muhammadiyah in post-New Order regime: 1) transformative-idealistic; 2) moderate-idealistic, 3) realistic-critical, and 4) accommodative-pragmatic. The variations are deeply influenced by two main factors: the sociological background and organizational factor.

Abstrak (Indonesia)
Penelitian ini menguji peran elit politik dalam Muhammadiyah dalam menghadapi dinamika politik Muslim pada era rezim pasca Orde Baru. Ada tiga isu yang dibahas: munculnya partai-partai politik Islam, keinginan untuk melaksanakan Piagam Jakarta sebagai ideologi negara, dan munculnya terorisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada empat varian sikap politik para elite di Muhammadiyah pada era rezim pasca-Orde Baru: 1) transformatif-idealis; 2) moderat-idealis 3) realistis-kritis, dan 4) akomodatif-pragmatis. Variasi ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor utama, yaitu latar belakang sosiologis dan faktor organisasi.

Keywords: Political attitudes; Muslim politics; Elites in Muhammadiyah; Terrorism

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The portrait of gender justice and injustice in the Islamic teaching textbook and Muhammadiyah teachers’ responses

IJIMS, Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, Volume 3, Number 1, June 2012: 149-173

Nurwanto
Universitas Muhammad iyah Yogyakarta
nur_l ippro@yahoo.com

AbstractThe paper investigates the textbook on Islamic teaching officially published for Muhammadiyah Senior Secondary Schools. It examines whether the textbook promotes gender justice or injustice. In addition, how the teachers think about the gender discourse is also explored. The study seems important to carry out by taking account of whether the trend of gender discourses which has taken place for some decades in the public is substantially accommodated in the Muhammadiyah schools’ curriculum. Moreover, the teachers’ responses to the existing gender issues as included in the textbook may be crucial to shape since they are translators of the text offered. To clarify this issue, the paper uses content analysis of the textbook and analyses the result of interview with several Muhammadiyah senior secondary schools’ teachers in Yogyakarta.

The result of this study shows that even if the content of the official textbook generally emphasizes gender justice, in some cases, it promotes gender injustice and stereotypes. The explanation of men’s social roles in the whole Muslims’ history tends to be widely explored whereas that of the possibility of women’s roles is paid less attention. On the other hand, in other parts of the textbook, there is an explanation of the importance of democratic attitudes for Muslims in the framework of societal relations. In the sense, the elaboration of the possibility of men and women to participate in the public is theologically explained. With regard to the teachers’ responses, the writing indicates that they generally agree with the notion of the need for women and men to share and possibly contribute in the public as long as the women in particular do not deny their domestic roles. They seem trying to examine the content of the textbook ranging from rational up to theological considerations. To conclude, the textbook contains gender justice and injustice orientations
which have been responded variously by the teachers.


Abstrak (Indonesia)
Kajian ini menelaah buku teks tentang ajaran Islam yang resmi diterbitkan untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas Muhammadiyah. Kajian ini menguji apakah buku teks tersebut mempromosikan keadilan atau ketidakadilan gender. Di samping itu, kajian ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana para guru berpikir mengenai wacana gender.
Kajian ini penting untuk mempertimbangkan apakah kecenderungan wacana gender yang telah terjadi beberapa dekade ini secara substantif diakomodasi oleh kurikulum sekolah-sekolah Muhammadiyah. Lebih jauh, respon para guru terhadap persoalan-persoalan gender yang ada sebagaimana termuat dalam buku teks menjadi penting karena mereka merupaka para penerjemah dari buku teks tersebut. Untuk mencapai itu semua, kajian ini menggunakan analisis isi atas buku teks dan menelaah hasil wawancara dengan beberapa guru Sekolah Menengah Atas Muhammadiyah di Yogyakarta.

Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun secara umum muatan buku teks resmi menekankan keadilan gender, dalam beberapa hal, juga mempromosikan ketidakadilan gender dan prasangka. Penjelasan mengenai peran sosial lelaki dalam keseluruhan sejarah Muslim cenderung memperoleh paparan luas, sementara peran sosial perempuan kurang memperoleh perhatian. Di sisi lain, sebagian buku teks juga menjelaskan tentang pentingnya sikap demokratis bagi Muslim dalam kerangka hubungan-hubungan sosial. Dalam hal ini, elaborasi mengenai peluang lelaki dan perempuan untuk berpartisipasi dalam ruang publik telah dijelaskan secara teologis. Dengan memperhatikan respon paraguru, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa mereka umumnya sepakat dengan paham mengenai erlunya perempuan dan lelaki berbagi dan mungkin berkontribusi dalam ruang publik sejauh perempuan tidak menolak peran domestik mereka. Mereka agaknya mencoba menguji muatan buku teks melalui pertimbangan rasional hingga teologis. Akhrinya, buku teks bermuatan orientasi keadilan ketidakadilan gender yang telah direspon secara berbeda oleh para guru.

Keywords: Gender; Justice; Injustice; Muhammadiyah; Teachers’ Responses

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